Tables' data analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tables' data analysis - Essay Example The sub-rows consist of the options for answers and the columns consist of the reasons for the answers. The items marked with an asterisk (*) represent those responses which are not only correct, but are explained rightly too. As in example 1, 70.5% of students selected the right answer and the right reason for their answer. All other values imply either a wrong answer, or the wrong reason, or both. The values in bold (in question 1, 14.1%) provide the percentage of students who answered wrongly and that percentage exceeds 10%. Jian Wang (2006) stated that the role of teachers is perceived as a very strong one in mentoring students. This would also involve a reform minded teaching that would have many challenges. According to experts in the field, a substantial set of these alternative conceptions, i.e., a wrong answer set of more than 10%, is considered a significant alternative conception (Chandra, 2005). These significant alternative conceptions require further study into them, as these are mistakes made by a significant group, pointing to weak basic concepts. If none of the wrong responses total more than 10%, there is no significant alternative conception, as in question 8. In some cases, when there is no response in a particular field, it is represented with a '-'. A surprising fact is that this quiz was taken by pre-service science teachers. Unfortunately, this shows us that even aspiring teachers are not always clear with their concepts, leading to the realization that "Teachers often subscribe to the same alternative conceptions as their students." as per a previous research, Alternative Conceptions, Concept Change, and Constructivism, These teachers, in turn would pass on the misconception, or alternate conception, to their students, causing a network of misinformed science students. These tables help professionals to avoid situations like those, by restricting the spread of these alternate conceptions. The above table gives us an insight into the percentage of students, who got the first part of the question right, but got the second part, the reason, wrong. As a multiple choice question always has the possibility of chance (33% in most of these questions), this table helps getting a finer look at how often chance comes into play here. Getting one answer out of three is much easier than getting one answer out of six options. This is made evident by the drastic difference in percentages between students getting only the first part right and those getting both right. Another important aspect of this table is that it helps realizing how many students truly understand the underlying concepts behind the questions. An answer can be answered with just a little knowledge, but actually explaining it poses a much bigger problem for students. There is an approximate average of 12% difference between the two percentages. This reflects not only chance, but also raw knowledge with a feeble conce ptual base. Certain questions, namely 11 and 15, have no difference in the two percentages. These imply specific knowledge required for the question, possessed only by those who got the answers right. But most of the questions show an opposite

A public dialogue about belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A public dialogue about belief - Essay Example Similarly, as a means of affecting this understanding, the author relates something of a humorous tone.   However, intermixed with this humorous tone is the understanding on the part of the reader that the subject matter is rather grave and/or serious.   Ultimately, each of these tactics works to integrate with the reader the understanding that the subject matter, although seemingly light and trivial, is ultimately indicative of the way in which many of the decisions in life transpire.   Moreover, the meaning of the essay can be determined to be focused upon an appreciation for the fact that human actions ultimately break down into two distinct categories; those which are useful and will be remembered with affection and happiness and those that are ultimately useless and serve no emotional or practical purpose whatsoever. With regards to the essay in question, â€Å"I didn’t wash my car last month†, the structure of this particular essay can be determinately defin ed as exploratory and relaxed.   As such, the essay takes the form of a friendly discussion that one might easily expect to find in a letter or friendly dialogue.   Similarly, With regards to the key points and thesis that the author is trying to get across, it should be understood that he is attempting to integrate an understanding of what is important and what is ultimately trivial within life.   In this way, he leverages the metaphor of the â€Å"rocking chair† to help the reader to understand that certain.

The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition Essay

The Inductive Argument from Evil and the Human Cognitive Condition - Essay Example The main goal of this paper is to delineate the inductive argument article of Alston and to critically analyze his arguments about the problem of evil, the principles related to skeptical theism, and if a logical argument of evil can be made possible. This world that we are living in is comprised of a very large extent of suffering. However, classical theism asserts that this world is made possible because of the creation of an omniscient, omnipotent, all seeing, and perfect God. The big question mark here is that why would this all powerful and gentle God develop a world that would include a bunch load of suffering? It is quite antagonistic in the sense that the concept of suffering is paired with good will and love. If it is an omniscient entity, the there should be no small bit of suffering in existence on the lands we are stepping in. Undoubtedly, suffering can be highly accredited to evil, that is, it is a bad thing. And this issue regarding the problem of evil was the principal issue in the empirical and inductive argument of Alston. The considerations regarding the problem of evil was the key variable into the establishment of the philosophical argument oftentimes called the argument from evil. As based on the introductory stages of the article, arguments can come from two different forms namely the deductive reasoning wherein its goal is to establish in a convincing fashion beyond any reasonable doubt, a God does not exist. On the other hand, its inductive reasoning counterpart seeks to promote an ideology that it is very implausible that a God exists to the point that it is beyond consciousness about believing of that God’s existence. Before discussing in detail about the inductive argument of evil and non-existence of God, it would be wise to have a brief account about the deductive version of the argument of evil to gain a

Biochemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biochemistry - Essay Example The conversion of glucose to glycogen, a process of energy storage, is achieved by a number of enzymes, the absence or deficiency of which leads to the GSDs resulting in inborn errors of glycogen metabolism. These disorders arise due to deficiency of enzymes involved in the glyconeogenesis or due to abnormal functioning of the glycogen breakdown enzymes. GSDs are categorized based on the type enzyme deficiency and the tissue affected. The systems involved in glycogen synthesis disorders are the liver and muscle, which are the primary sites of energy storage. GSD Type IV, also known as amylopectinosis, is usually fatal and leads to death by age 4. Some of the clinical symptoms include hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, splenomegaly, cirrhosis and lumbar lordosis. Type IV disorder arises due to deficiency of the glycogen branching enzyme amylo-1,4-1,6 transglucosidase, which leads to the formation of abnormally structured glycogen, having amylase molecules with low solubility, leading to glycogen precipitation in the liver, the heart and other tissues. The condition ultimately leads to early death (Ozen, 2541-53). Type I diabetic patients who are erroneously prescribed too high of an insulin dose in their insulin regimen can present liver disease symptoms similar to those presented in glycogen storage diseases. Explain the biochemical basis for this finding. One of the important functions of insulin is glycogen syn... Insulin regulates the amount of glucose absorbed or released from the cell. The glucose absorbed from the blood is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver. One of the important functions of insulin is glycogen synthesis, brought about by activating the enzyme hexokinase. This in turn, phosphorylates glucose, thus, trapping it within the cell, in the form of energy. Insulin also inhibit the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase, thus helping the hepatocytes to havest excess glucose in the form of glycogen. But, in the absense of insulin, as in case of type 1 diabetes, glucose circulation in the blood increases and the cells fail to harvest it for energy. In the absence of energy the cells activate the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis).Under the conditions of cell starvation triggered by lack of insulin, glucagon, a counter regulatory hormone,is activated, which, again stimulates the process of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, thus releasing energy. When insulin is administered from an outside source, in excess, (eg: injections), insulin activates the formation of glycogen from glucose and inhibition glycogenolysis. Therefore, in presence of excess insulin, there is a surplus production of glycogen, similar to that of glycogen storage disorders. Also, there is inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate, similar to deficiency of the same as in glycogen storage disorders (Bowen). 3.Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonizes the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans and is the causative agent of chronic gastritis, ulcers, and possibly gastric cancer. Knowledge of the intermediary metabolism of this organism would be helpful in developing effective drug

Abnormal Psych DQ Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abnormal Psych DQ Questions - Essay Example The low functional levels due to the profound mental retardation makes it difficult to assess for the key characteristics of autism and so diagnostic instruments are likely to throw up spurious results. This makes diagnosis of autism a challenge and calls for clinical experience (Brasic, 2006). Autism was initially believed to be associated with higher social classes, but is now known to afflict all social classes in an equal manner. Motion abnormalities are a striking feature of autism and may provide the means for the identification of autism in early infancy, prior to the other manifestations. In children the motion anomalies demonstrated are also highly characteristic and can be easily identified. An example of such an abnormal motion typical to autism is the placing of the hand with fingers outstretched by the child before the eyes, with rapid back and forth movement. This action of the child is considered as self-stimulation, as it produces a visual sensation. Many of such abnormal motions typical to autism appear like attempts to provide sensory input to the self in barren environments (Brasic, 2006). The cause of autism still remains unknown, but there are several hypotheses that include exposure to toxic agents and infections, and possibly vaccinations for diseases like measles, mumps and rubella. The treatment of autism is essentially directed towards the associated behavioral problems and so includes intensive behavioral, educational, and psychological components. The use of serotonin in the treatment of autism is under investigation. The earlier the diagnosis and use of intervention strategies the more favorable the outcome and so regular screening of infants and toddlers for signs and symptoms of the disorder is useful (Brasic, 2006). The definition of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) provided by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM IV) is that it is â€Å"a recurrent

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay Example for Free

Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes Essay 1) Janie, on her gossiping neighbors, stressing the importance of storytelling and oral tradition: Ah dont mean to bother wid tellin em nothin, Pheoby. Taint worth de trouble. You can tell em what Ah say if you wants to. Dats just de same as me cause mah tongue is in mah friends mouf (6). 2) Janie, to the men of Eatonville: Sometimes God gits familiar wid us womenfolks too and talks His inside business. He told me.how surprised yall is goin tuh be if you ever find out you dont know half as much bout us as you think yo do. Its so easy to make yoself out God Almighty when you aint got nothin tuh strain against but women and chickens (70-71). 3) On Janie: She was a rut in the road. Plenty of life beneath the surface but it was kept beaten down by the wheels (72). 4) Janie, after Joes death: To my thinkin mourning oughtnt tuh last no longern grief (89). 5) Eatonville habitants, on Janie: It was hard to love a woman that always made you feel so wishful (111). 6) On Tea Cake: Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her soul crawled out from its hiding place (122). 7) On waiting for the mighty hurricane: They sat in company with the others in other shanties, their eyes straining against crude walls and their souls asking if He meant to measure their puny might against His. They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God (151). 8) Tea Cake, on Janie: .dont say youse ole. Youse uh lil girl baby all de time. God made it so you spent yo ole age first wid somebody else, and saved up yo young girl days to spend wid me (172). 9) Janie, on love: .love aint somethin lak uh grindstone dats de same thing everywhere and do de same thing tuh everything it touch. Love is lak de sea. Its uh movin thing, but still and all, it takes its shape from de shore it meets, and its different with every shore (182). 10) Janie: Its uh known fact, Pheoby, you got tuh go there tuh know there..Two things everybodys got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin fuh theyselves (183). Put me down easy Janie Ah’m a cracked plate.† -20- In this quote Janie’s grandmother â€Å"Nanny† is talking to Janie about letting her the rest of life easy. Janie’s grandmother is planning to send Janie off to get married because she is no longer able to care for her. Before this quote you learn that Janie was raised by her nanny and never really knew her parents. Janie’s nanny was a hard working woman that worked her whole life to right the wrong she did raising Janie’s mother. Janie’s nanny worked hard to provide for Janie and once she found Janie outside flirting with Johnny Taylor she was sure that it was time to marry Janie off. I felt this quote was important because it shows one of the aspects of the relationship between Janie and her nanny. It plays a role in the book because the after facts of this quote starts Janie on a search for true love. â€Å"What need has death for a cover, and winds can blow against him.† -84- At this point in the book when you come across this quote Janie’s second husband Joe Starks is very sick and dying. Even though Janie knows he is dying Joe thinks that he will get better. Joe is an insecure man who refuses to let Janie come into his sick room and visit him. I thought this quote was important because it comes from Janie. It shows how she feels about death. Death, a topic that no one wants to discuss yet Janie sums up what we all want to say in this one quote. To me this quote says that no one has protection from death and no one can stop death. I think it is important to the book because later on the book it shows a relationship between poeple connected to Janie and how no matter how she feels about the death will come. † They seemed to be staring at the dark, but their eyes were watching God.† -161- This quote comes into play while Janie and Tea Cake are in the Glades getting ready to leave because of a hurricane. At this point Janie and Tea Cake have waited to late to leave and are trying to decide if they want to try and beat the water or just stay there. I found this quote important because it ties the title of the book in with the situations that occur in the book. They are sitting there and despite the situation around them they can still find security within each other and God. â€Å"So Ah’m back home agin and Ah’m satisfied tuh be heah. Ah done been tuh de horizon and back and now Ah Kin set heah in mah house and live by comparisons.† -191- As you read this quote Janie is talking to Phoeby after she has returned from the Glades. Jane has been acquitted of Tea Cakes murder, because it was self defense. In this quote Janie says that she has lived her life to her satisfication. By her saying she has been to the horizon and back and she can live by comparisons now I thought she meant that she had lived to one extreme to another. By the time she got with Tea Cake she had, had two husbands. One who felt she could work just as anybody else and another who put her up so high on a pedestal that her hair couldn’t even be worn down. But then she found Tea Cake the man who was the median between them both. This quote is important because it tells how Janie felt after going through she had been through throughout her life and she felt that with it all she had accomplished what she wanted to and that was all that counted. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see.† -193- Once you finish this quote you have finished the book! To me this quote is deeper that it reads, because you read it, then you have to think about what it means. Some quotes are self explanatory while others require more thought. As i read the words around this quote I thought she was reflecting on the day her love died and the day she was in court yet that day in court her lover was very much alive within her. And he flew around her ans carried away the pain. However, she called herself in, her inner self to see everything she had become. â€Å"She called in her soul to come and see†, she reflected on her life and realized how life could change a person without even knowing.

The Effectiveness Of Community Policing

The Effectiveness Of Community Policing After careful analysis of several gathered qualitative studies and views from police officers, politicians, and designated community members, all of which are fluent with the method of community policing, one should conclude that not only the community understands what community policing is, but the community also understands how and why it was implemented, and how it can be measured by its effectiveness to show a continuing pattern; it is a program and method that will continue to change and evolve with newer adaptations and strategies in the future. With the implementation of community policing in Canada, the community has undertaken a general insight of what it is and how it works, however the apparent identity of this new endeavor is misinterpreted and has caused confusion amongst community members as to how it is a visible and usable aspect to the typical policing style in Canada and the United States. There has also been debates regarding the actual implementation of this polic ing method throughout the various communities who have adopted this method; some of the more common concerns are based on measured effectiveness and appropriate use can the police actually use this model effectively? The intelligent answer to this question would not be to look at statistics and studies, but to look at the effective ways this policing technique has been acknowledged by the community; furthermore, understanding what the main goal and definition that community policing carries with its title and reputation, will help further the knowledge and understanding of how it is to be measured and documented in a formal study. The underlining statement is that community policing must not be looked at as a statistic or applicable data entry, but an object that helps the community and policing services provided across the nation to adapt to the ever-changing community needs and demands of todays society. An approach on how to define community policing, so that everyone may understand and benefit from the method, has been defined as, depending on community involvement, community policing is the best way to engage a community and invites its members to participate in law enforcement. (U.S Department of Justice, 2002) The idea behind this concept of community policing is mainly to have the community involved actively with the police, to strive towards a main goal of prevention. The perception of this policing style or method would be commonly seen as confusing, or an undermined effort to help the community (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); these 3 different categories split the confusion of community policing up into: Team Policing, where an emphasized pattern of round-the-clock policing in a specific geographic location takes effect (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); Police-Community relation, this is generally geared towards having the community place their input on where the deviant places are an d where a program such as CPTED'(Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) would be most effective to preventing crime (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009); the final cause of confusion lies within crime prevention itself; crime prevention is the general meaning of crime being prevented in high-risk geographical situations (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Public perception was arguably one of the most important factors in establishing a strong definition of what community policing was going to do for the community itself; with the ever-growing ethnic diversity throughout the Western World (North America), there is a need to view the police positively (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). With attitudes in mind, one should realize the utmost importance of how diverse the populous is and its ever-changing subgroup of people, and focusing on why they have conflicting perceptions of the police and the new styles of policing, such as community policing, In dealing with community problems (Benedict, 2000). O vertime the community would both agree and disagree with this particular method involving community policing however, this would be explored and explained through the actual implementation of community policing; the grasp of what the definition of community policing is slowly getting stronger over time with the inclusion of more and more evidence and community participation; ultimately leading a path towards total community participation in crime prevention. Community policing as a whole has had its ups and downs throughout the beginning stages of its implementation, this period of certainty and effectiveness continues today with several studies and debates. Before examining the actual effectiveness of community policing, one ought to review the several dynamic and static ways that community policing strategies and programs were implemented throughout modern societies. In the start of the new style of policing (community policing) there was much hesitance to implement such a venture simply because of the feelings from officers and the hierarchical centralized bureaucracies that are often resistant to change (Chappell, 2009) in policing styles. Allison T. Chappell argues that in order for community policing to be implemented and carried out effectively the officers who use it, must overcome any centralized opinions or views that were taught to them originally (2009). The general idea behind community policing is to step away from the norm al style or traditional style of policing, and move to decentralizing the more common theme of policing styles. Generic studies have tried repeatedly to relate effectiveness with implementation of community policing; the simple fact is that community policing has many faces to its identity and cannot always be identified as an immediate community policing method. Common perspectives and points of view from officers who use the community policing style vary from culture, race, gender and education level, but mainly follow the same systematic approach with the way their specific community is constantly changing from day to day. (Vivian B. Lord, 2008) Research has shown that women and people of a more ethnic background are more tuned into using the community style policing (Vivian B. Lord, 2008); people with higher levels of education are also more likely to resort to using community policing methods due to their nature with higher education and further knowledge on subjects such as so cial interaction (Vivian B. Lord, 2008). A step taken by police forces prior to the implementation of community policing, was analyzing their officers attitudes and thoughts on how an everyday or typical task should be carried out; this ultimately leads to discovering how that particular police department should implement community policing, and furthering the study to the officer, on which type of community policing style would be best fit. (Vivian B. Lord, 2008) Simple steps for implementing policing styles such as community policing, average 8 steps from start to finish: the first step comes from the performance gap identifying such issues as why homicides occur are examples of just attacking the problem, police departments and services need to realize this method and overcome it with details as to where this department is, and how its community policing program should look like (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The following step includes the police services and community recognizing a need for change having police officers and community members realize that implementing a community style policing is a new aspect and needs time to overtake the traditional style of policing; this causes the confusion between whether or not community policing is effective. The realization that community policing is now the new style is the second step to making sure community policing is effective (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Step three involves creating a proper climate for change the steps involved in making sure this main step is followed through is applying a selling point or a prize-like offering for the new method and what it has to bring; this way officers and police services will be more likely to conform and accept the change in policing style (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The fourth step involves bring in what step 2 had; diagnosing the problem this step itself is to bring the community and police together to evaluate what needs to be done in order to achieve its success in crime prevention (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009) The fifth and sixth step both coincide with each other in the ways of identifying alternative strategies and selecting the proper strategy the first part of these steps is reviewing the current strategy of policing, and then looking towards other alternatives to what can be changed; the second aspect of these steps is selecting the more appropriate strategy that can be used to influence a positive reaction of impleme nting community policing (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). Step seven uses community policing and the objectives of community policing by decentralizing the formal structure of policing and using more common terms such as thinking outside the box and being creative with ideas, when preparing for the implementation of this policing method (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009). The final step in the implementation of community policing is mainly based around evaluating the program and understanding how it works, how it has worked, and how it will work. Understanding these concepts will help produce an accurate way to measure the effectiveness and will also give an understanding as to what should be done to the current style of community policing in regards to changing and shaping it to what the community actually requires/needs to focus on. (Victor E. Kappeler, 2009) The question of whether or not community policing works and can it be measured is constantly being asked by communities, politicians, and even police services who employ or use the community policing method. The simple breakdown of this question leads to the answer that community policing does work and in ways the community has to realize before jumping to a conclusion that it is strictly data that provides concrete evidence. The more common way to reveal how community policing works is to ask and review the answers that a community member would reveal about the topic; examples of this are seen throughout Canada where community policing is a prioritized goal of that particular region or department. In Edmonton, the Edmonton Police Service offers, an exclusive opportunity for individuals with professional or personal interest in community policing to acquire knowledge on police issues, practices and operations in the City of Edmonton. (Edmonton Police Service, 2010) The community prog ram offers several different training requirements to be an active member of a unit involved with community policing, which in the police service located in Edmonton, works on a daily basis and is ever changing. Another city in Canada, Cornwall, Ontario, has had a history of effectiveness with community policing, nearly 2 decades of community oriented policing strategies, in which community involvement has been a key factor in the constant reduction in crime since 1992 (Cornwall Community Police Service, 2010). Measuring effectiveness of community policing extends well past the statistical attributes, and can go as far as the types of programs that have been successful from the beginning and those particular programs that continue to evolve; examples of programs that are community policing oriented and that have spawned from this method, are programs such as CPTED and Drive Wise. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is the single most successful and most recognizabl e form of community policing in todays community. This program itself not only takes in the fundamental basics and requirements for what particular communities need, but the communities that have issues, this program takes in the input and uses that input to change and shape the environment that in the end will help reduce if not eliminate crime in certain areas (Crowe, 2010). In Port Stanley, Ontario, they use community policing methods as the primary tool in their policing and community policing activities; these methods have proved time and time again that community styled and based policing is an effective method of preventing crimes. Port Stanleys community has taken a pro-active approach on crime prevention, and using one of their more notable accomplishments, Port Stanley can show the real effectiveness of community policing: Helped shut down a local drug labà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the local Community Policing officer to the scene, resulting in charges laid against two people. (Magin nis, 2009) Further statistics that show a significant reduction in crime come from this township again; Port Stanley, back in 1993 had roughly 407 reported crimes in that year (Maginnis, 2009). Looking further through the statistics posted, one should conclude that community policing does take time. Port Stanleys community policing efforts took a 5 year period to reduce crime by nearly 27%, and then continuing to adapt different styles of community policing and eventually leading to an outstanding 66% crime reduction rate over 15years and counting (Maginnis, 2009). This is just a small example of how community policing, given time, can evolve and grow into a great and effective way of policing and crime prevention, given the tools, knowledge, and participation in all. Throughout the analysis of how community policing has been defined, implemented, while facing attitudes from officers, communities and politicians alike, community policing has had long lasting effect, pending the several different aspects of acceptance, implementation, and measured effectiveness. The overall effectiveness is still a young and vulnerable statistic that can be shaped to favor either argument on does it work, however, granting community policing a large enough time span within a decade and with resources to help fund both the police services and communities working together with this method, will eventually lead to a statistical representation and data that is able to accurately show the documented success of community policing and its several programs. Further education amongst the community and police services that do acquire and employ this modern style of policing, is most definitely required to ensure the continuation of how to adapt to the ever-changing community , especially to communities with a diverse cultural background. In the United States, a congressional district representative, Alan Mollohan, mentions that community policing has influenced a significant crime rate drop since 1993 to 2002, this was solely due to the efforts of such programs such as COPS.(Mollohan, 2003) Final reviews on the effectiveness and whether or not the community understands what community policing is, depends on how the policing style was delivered, assessed, and administered; after all, community policing is only possible when the community is a part of the solution.